How can compaction affect soil health?

Compaction significantly impacts soil health by reducing pore space within the soil structure. When soil is compacted, the particles are pressed closely together, which decreases the volume of air and spaces within the soil. This reduction in pore space impairs the soil's ability to hold water and air, both of which are essential for healthy plant growth and microbial activity. Consequently, water infiltration is hindered, leading to potential runoff and erosion, while root growth becomes restricted due to the increased soil density. Roots require adequate space to explore and access nutrients and water, so compaction can lead to stunted plant growth or even plant failure.

The other options either overlook or misinterpret the consequences of compaction. For instance, while some might think that compaction could provide a beneficial soil structure, the reality is that healthy soil typically relies on a balance of structure that promotes aeration and moisture retention, which compaction disrupts. Similarly, asserting that compaction has no effect on soil health ignores the well-documented evidence of its detrimental impacts. Lastly, the belief that compaction only affects the surface layer fails to recognize that compaction can influence soil properties and functionality deeper in the soil profile, ultimately affecting overall soil health and ecosystem performance. Thus, understanding the effects