How can soil compaction affect soil health?

Soil compaction significantly reduces porosity, which refers to the spaces in soil that allow for air and water movement. When soil particles are pressed closely together as a result of heavy machinery or foot traffic, these pores become smaller or may even collapse entirely. As a consequence, the soil becomes denser, making it difficult for roots to penetrate and establish themselves. This inhibition of root growth can lead to reduced plant health, as roots struggle to access water, nutrients, and oxygen that are essential for plant survival and growth.

Moreover, the reduction in porosity interferes with the soil's ability to retain and transmit water. This can lead to poor drainage and increased runoff, further compounding issues related to time and frequency of watering and overall soil moisture availability. Overall, the effects of soil compaction can significantly degrade soil health, impacting not only root systems but also broader ecosystem functions.